LASER ACTIVE CRYSTAL: Ti-Sapphire
LASER ACTIVE CRYSTAL: Ti-Sapphire
Description
Ti-Sapphire, or titanium-doped sapphire, is a laser active crystal that is widely used in scientific research and medical applications. Ti-Sapphire has a hexagonal crystal structure and is doped with titanium ions, which allow it to amplify light through stimulated emission.
One of the main advantages of Ti-Sapphire as a laser active crystal is its broad and tunable emission spectrum, which can be adjusted by changing the pump wavelength or by using different cavity configurations. Ti-Sapphire lasers can emit light over a wide range of wavelengths, from 650 nanometers in the red part of the visible spectrum to 1100 nanometers in the near-infrared region.
Ti-Sapphire lasers are typically pumped by a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser or a frequency-doubled Ti-Sapphire laser itself. The pump wavelength is usually around 532 nanometers, which excites the titanium ions in the crystal and causes them to emit light at a longer wavelength.
Ti-Sapphire lasers are used in a wide range of applications, such as spectroscopy, microscopy, and biophotonics. They are particularly useful in multiphoton microscopy, a technique that allows imaging of biological tissues at high resolution and depth.
| Chemical formula | Ti3+:Al2O3 |
| Crystal structure | hexagonal |
| Lattice parameters, Å | a = 4.748; c = 12.957 |
| Refractive indexes | np = 1.759; nm = 1.767 |
| Birefrigence | 0.0082 |
| Density, g/cm3 | 3.98 |
| Mohs hardness | 9 |
| Thermal conductivity at 25°C, W x cm-1 x °K-1 | - |
| perpendicular to c-axis | 0.35 |
| parallel to c-axis | 0.33 |
| Specific heat at 18°C, J x kg-1 x °K-1 | 761 |
| Thermal expansion coefficient (20 - 100°C) | - |
| perpendicular to c-axis | 4.78 x 10-6 x °K-1 |
| parallel to c-axis | 5.31 x 10-6 x °K-1 |
| Syngony | triangular |
| Axial characteristic | uniaxial |
Rods with round cross-sections and slabs are manufactured:
| Tuning range, nm | 680 - 1100 |
| Pumping range, nm | 450 - 532 |
| Ti dopant concentration, at.% | 0.02 ÷ 0.35 |
| Absorption coefficient at 510 nm, cm-1 | 0.5 ÷ 2.5 |
| FOM | >200 |
| Orientation | 90° to c axis |
| Geometry | flat-flat / Brewster |
| Endsunparallelity | 10" |
| Flatness | 0.2 |
| Orientation tolerance | < 5° |
| Broadband AR coatings, % | < 0.2 |
| Diameter, mm | (3 ÷ 40) ± 0.1 |
| Length, mm | (10 ÷ 140) ± 0.5 |
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